Most of the affected areas are in mountainous regions and access is impeded by landslides that have blocked the roads. An estimated 3.3 million were left homeless in Pakistan. The UN reported that more than 4 million people are directly affected, as winter snows start. Many of them are at risk of dying from cold and the spread of disease. Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz made an appeal to survivors on 26 October to come down to valleys and cities for relief. It has been estimated that damages incurred are well over 5 billion US dollars. Three of the five crossing points have been opened on the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan.

The Earthquake

Kashmir lies in the area where the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates are colliding. Out of this collision, the Himalayas began uplifting 50 million years ago, and continue to rise by about 5 mm/year. [10] This geological activity is the cause of the earthquakes in the area.

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) measured its magnitude as 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale, with its epicenter at 34° 29′ 35″ N, 73° 37′ 44″ E, about 19 km (11.8 miles) northeast of Muzaffarabad, Pakistan [11], and 100 km (65 miles) north-northeast of Islamabad (Pakistan). The hypocenter was located at a depth of 26 km (16.2 miles) below the surface (USGS). The Japan Meteorological Agency gave it a magnitude of 7.8. The earthquake is classified as “major” by the USGS. (By comparison, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake had a magnitude of 9.15.)

The earthquake caused widespread destruction in northern Pakistan, as well as damage in Afghanistan and northern India. The worst hit areas were Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Pakistan’s North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), and western and southern parts of the Kashmir valley in the Indian-administered Kashmir. It also affected some parts of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the city of Karachi experienced a minor aftershock of magnitude 4.6.

There have been many secondary earthquakes in the region, mainly to the northwest of the original epicenter. 147 aftershocks were registered in the first day after the initial massive quake that hit at 8:52 am, one of which had a magnitude of 6.2 [12] (a tremor of magnitude six is rated as a “strong” earthquake). Twenty-eight occurred with a magnitude greater than five during four days after the principal quake and even eleven days after, there were still major quakes. For example, on 19 October there were a series of strong aftershocks one with a magnitude of 5.8 [13], which occurred about 65 km (40.5 miles) north northwest of Muzaffarabad. [14] There have been more than 978 aftershocks with a magnitude of 4.0 and above, as of 27 October [15] and these continue to occur daily.

Casualties

2005 Kashmir earthquake casualties

Pakistan (NWFP & Kashmir)
Dead ( 87,350) Injured ( 100,000 )

India (Kashmir)
Dead ( 1,360 ) Injured ( 6,266 )

Afghanistan
Dead ( 3 )
Total 196000+

Most of the casualties resulting from the earthquake were in Pakistan where the official death toll has topped 87,000 and is expected to continue to rise, putting it higher than the massive scale of destruction of the Quetta earthquake of May 31, 1935. [16] 1,300 deaths have also been confirmed in India.

As Saturday is a normal school day in the region, most students were at schools when the earthquake struck. Many were buried under collapsed school buildings. Many people were also trapped in their homes and, because it was the month of Ramadan, most people were taking a nap after their pre-dawn meal and did not have time to escape during the quake. Reports indicate that entire towns and villages were completely wiped out in Northern Pakistan with other surrounding areas also suffering severe damage.

“…a second, massive wave of death will happen if we do not step up our efforts now”, Kofi Annan said on 20 October with reference to the thousand remote villages in which people are in need of medical attention, food, clean water and shelter and the hundred and twenty thousand survivors that have not yet been reached.

Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz “made the appeal to survivors” on 26 October to come down to valleys and cities for relief, [19] because bad weather, mountainous terrain, landslides and blocked roads are making it difficult for relief workers to reach each house and the winter snows are imminent.

Confirmed casualties
49,739 have died, the injured around 74,000, Major General Farooq Ahmad Khan told a news conference on Thursday 20 October. [20]
“At least 40,000 people had been killed and 42,397 people had been hurt”, Pakistani Interior Minister Aftab Sherpao said. He also added that “around 11,000 of the dead were in Muzaffarabad”.13,000 confirmed deaths in Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province.
This report was previously attributed to CNN, which “has not confirmed that figure”. Later, the Pakistani-controlled Kashmir region’s Minister for Works and Communication, Tariq Farooq, told AFP that more than 30,000 people have died in Kashmir.
1,300 people perished and 4,500 were injured in the quake that flattened or damaged 32,000 houses in Jammu and Kashmir, according to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in latest press reports [24].
250 bodies have been recovered in Pakistani-controlled Azad Kashmir according to authorities from Muzaffarabad.
Around 500 female students were killed when the roof of their school collapsed (Northern Pakistan).
432 Pakistani soldiers were killed on duty in Pakistan.
16 Indian soldiers were killed in a bunker collapse in Uri sector of Kupwara.
At least 39 people were killed and over 150 others are being treated for injuries in Srinagar’s SMHS hospital.
According to Pakistani Information Minister Sheikh Rashid Ahmad, one girl has been killed when a school collapsed in Rawalpindi in Pakistan and another 200-250 are feared dead. According to a NDTV report, one person died in Baramulla in India’s Jammu and Kashmir state when a building collapsed.
Initial reports said that the quake was felt in Delhi, Punjab and Jammu, Afghanistan, and Kashmir. At least 15 people were injured and four shops damaged.
According to the Associated Press, at least a dozen people were injured and dozens more were feared trapped in the rubble of a 19-story collapsed building, reported earlier, in Islamabad.
In Pakistani Punjab state, shops and houses collapsed and rescuers cut through rubble to find survivors.
Two people were killed, including a five-year-old boy, in the border district of Gurdaspur, Indian Punjab.

Estimated casualties
Maj. Gen. Farooq Ahmed Khan said on Pakistan’s Geo television “Some people fear that the death toll could be 100,000 and they may be right.” (16 October)

Damage
Pakistan
An assessment of damaged buildings in Muzaffarabad and the surrounding area, by the Earthquake Engineering Center of the University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, showed that about 60% of the buildings in urban areas were unreinforced solid concrete block masonry buildings and it was the collapse of more than 60% of these buildings that was responsible for the majority of deaths and injuries.
Pakistani television reports widespread severe damage to Balakot (almost completely wiped out), Garhi Habibullah, Rawalakot , and Muzaffarabad (near the epicenter) where 30,000 are thought to have died. The Pakistani Army spokesman, Major General Shaukat Sultan, told a press conference on 10 October that reports of damage in Rawalakot were exaggerated; 90 percent of the garrison city is still standing.
The quake triggered landslides, burying entire villages and roads in many areas of North-West Frontier Province and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
Hundreds of thousands of buildings are thought to have collapsed or sustained severe damage.
One of two residential towers (Margalla Towers in F-10 sector, Islamabad), believed to contain up to sixty apartments each, collapsed in the earthquake in Islamabad. Pakistani government officials at the site stated the number of people affected by the collapse was in the hundreds, most of who are feared dead. Efforts by rescue workers are ongoing. Over fifty-two people were rescued from the collapsed residential “Marghalla Towers”.
A team from the International Rescue Corps at the site said they located three more victims on the Sunday morning using audio detection equipment after the difficult task of arranging total silence at the crowded rescue site.
The Karakoram highway is blocked at several points, hindering relief efforts.
Damage to buildings and several casualties have been reported in surrounding provinces of Punjab and Balochistan.

India
1,500 houses were destroyed in Uri. About 90% of the families living in the town, which has a population of 30,000, were affected by the quake. [28]
More than 1,100 houses were flattened in Jammu and Kashmir. The main minaret of the Hazratbal shrine, which houses a relic of the Prophet Muhammad was damaged. (Rediff)
The 200-year-old Moti Mahal fort in Poonch district, Kashmir, collapsed. (BBC News)
Buildings in Delhi and Amritsar were damaged, and tremors caused panic in Gujarat.
The tremors were also felt in Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.
There were over 1800 dead.

Afghanistan
A death was reported as far away as Afghanistan. A young girl died in Jalalabad after a wall collapsed on her. The quake was felt in Kabul, but the effects were minimal [29]. Three people are reported to have died in Afghanistan, less than in a more recent minor earthquake. [30]

Rescue and relief operations
Relief efforts in many remote villages are hampered, as roads are buried in rubble and many affected areas remain inaccessible. Heavy equipment is needed to clear the roads and to rescue survivors buried under the earthquake wreckage, as many rescuers are still picking the rubble with pickaxes and their bare hands, looking for survivors.

Rescue effort are also affected by the numerous aftershocks that continue to rattle the region and put rescue workers in danger as they search through the wreckage for survivors.

Five crossing points are to be opened on the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan in the province of Kashmir. The first has been opened at Chakan Da Bagh in Poonch, the second at Kaman Post in Uri (on the road between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad) and the third across the Neelum river between Chiliana in Pakistan and Tithwal in India. These will facilitate the flow of relief goods and allow people to meet relatives across the Line of Control. Rediff, Indian Express, Reuters

In many areas there is no power, or adequate food or water; there is also the danger of disease spreading [32], including measles. Distributing relief supplies to the victims is especially urgent as the victims face the risk of exposure to cold weather due to the region’s high altitude and the approaching winter. Food, medicine supplies, tents and blankets have been identified by relief workers as essential items. [33] On October 10, the United Nations warned that the earthquake left 2.5 million people homeless and they are in need of shelter. The UN made an appeal to raise US$272 million to help victims.

On October 13, snow started to fall on the Indian side of Kashmir. Many regions are facing an increasing threat of being cut off from help as snow forces closures of even more roads in the mountainous region. [34]

Pakistan
In Northern Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, the Pakistan Army has been directed to extend all out help to the civilian population in the quake-hit areas. All civilian and military hospitals have been directed to deal with the situation on an emergency basis. The President and the Prime Minister have appealed to the nation to remain calm in the face of the calamity and asked the concerned authorities to carry out an immediate assessment of the extent of damage caused by it.

The Government of Pakistan opened President’s Relief Fund (Pakistan) [35] for Earthquake relief operation, where donations can be made and also appealed for International Aid as the magnitude of the disaster becomes clear.

Earthquake relief blankets, tents, medicine, warm clothes, food and many more supplies are needed. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) has offered free delivery of goods from anywhere in the world to Pakistan. Turkey has offered to airlift relief goods that arrive in Turkey to Pakistan free of cost.

Pakistani Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz spoke on the telephone with authorities in four provinces plus Azad Kashmir, and directed them to utilize all machinery and make all possible efforts to help the victims. He said the entire federal administration, civil and military authorities have been alerted, and relief goods have been provided to them for the victims of the quake. Most of the roads are closed in the Northern Sector near the earthquake, and some have been completely washed out or blocked by landslides, so the Pakistani army is flying supplies in by helicopter.

In Garhi Habibullah, a town 15 miles from the devastated city of Balakot in north-west Pakistan, Kashmiri fighters known as the mujahideen put aside their weapons and spent two days in helping rescue dozens of girls who were trapped in a collapsed building of a girls’ school.

On October 10, Monday, survivors were still being found and rescued from the wreckage including a 2-year-old girl in Islamabad. Then on Wednesday, a Russian rescue team rescued a 5-year-old girl in Muzaffarabad who has been trapped for nearly 100 hours.

On October 14 the Pakistan government agreed that unaccompanied children from the disaster should be taken to the SOS Children emergency shelter in Islamabad for family tracing in a central database and help. They also agreed that SOS should be temporary guardian until relatives were traced. (SOS)

Schools have also been giving donations in huge amounts including The Karachi American School, Foundation Public School and many more.

The magnitude of this disaster is so vast that the Government alone cannot provide relief to the people affected by this earthquake. The response of the people of Pakistan to help the government in its relief efforts has been overwhelming in the shape of donations, relief goods and volunteers working in the hospitals and the earthquake hit areas. The injured are being ferried from remote areas to the hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad through helicopters every day. The relatives of these injured patients follow them to the twin-cities by road and pursue a long and painful search for their loved ones. Devastated with heavy losses of human lives and homes, these poor people often travel on foot from one hospital to another looking for their injured loved ones.

India
In the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, the injured are being treated at Srinagar’s SMHS hospital and the Uri Field Hospital, with many makeshift medical facilities being set up to help the injured. Hundreds of people have been brought in, many of them critically injured. In keeping with a traditional duty since independence, the Indian Army has undertaken a key role in coordinating and running relief operations.
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and Leader of the Opposition L.K. Advani visited quake-hit areas (Rediff) An ex gratia of Rs one lakh (100,000 Indian rupees, about US$2255) to the next of kin of those killed in the quake was being released from the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund.
As of 10 October, many areas in the Baramulla district with about 15,000 people remain inaccessible. The army is attempting to reach these people using helicopters.

International response
Main article: International response to 2005 Kashmir earthquake
Many countries, international organizations and non-governmental organizations have offered relief aid to the region, in the form of donation as well as relief supplies including food, medical supplies, tents and blankets.

Rescue and relief workers were sent to the region from different parts of the world and they brought along rescue equipment, including helicopters and rescue dogs.

The United Nations has appealed for donations to raise at least US$272 million to help victims of the quake.

Federal disaster declarations blanketed 90,000 square miles (233,000 km²) of the United States, an area almost as large as the United Kingdom. The hurricane left an estimated five million people without power, and it may have been up to two months before all power was restored. On September 3, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as “probably the worst catastrophe, or set of catastrophes” in the country’s history, referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans.

Death toll (summary)
State Location(county/parish) Deaths Direct deaths
Florida Broward 6 3
Miami-Dade 4 3
Walton 3 1
Louisiana E. Baton Rouge 3 0
Jefferson 200 200
Livingston 1 1
Orleans 1000+ 71
Plaquemines 3 3
St. Bernard 201 201
St. Landry 1 0
St. Tammany 13 9
Tangipahoa 8 0?
Mississippi Adams 2 2
Forrest 10 10
Harrison 100 100
Hancock 85 85
Hinds 1 1
Jackson 15 15
Jones 6 6
Lauderdale 1 1
Leake 1 1
Pearl River 17 17
Simpson 1 1
Stone 1 1
Warren 1 1
Alabama Washington 2 0
Georgia Carroll 2 1
Kentucky Christian 1 1
Ohio Jefferson 2 0
Total 1,691+ 735
Number Missing 35,000+

The unconfirmed death toll reported in various regions is given in the chart to the right. These are confirmed deaths from local news agencies. Direct deaths indicate those caused by the direct effects of the winds, flooding, storm surge or oceanic effects of Katrina. Indirect deaths indicate those caused by hurricane-related accidents (including car accidents), fires or other incidents, as well as clean-up incidents and health issues.

On 31 August 2005, New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin told reporters that the hurricane probably killed thousands of people in the city .

This view was confirmed on September 1 by U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu who said “We understand there are thousands of dead people” .

In a press conference broadcast live on 4WWL at 1915 UTC on September 1 Governor Kathleen Blanco said that thousands of deaths were believed to have occurred in New Orleans. The FEMA representative said that they have brought in a deployable morgue.

On September 3 US Senator David Vitter (R-LA) said that the death toll from Hurricane Katrina could top 10,000 in Louisiana alone. “My guess is that it will start at 10,000, but that is only a guess,” Vitter said.

On September 6 FEMA stopped allowing journalists to accompany rescuers searching for victims, saying they would take up too much space. At the same time, FEMA requested that journalists stop taking pictures of dead bodies.

The earthquake is considered an intraplate earthquake because it occurred a great distance from any plate boundary, where the theory of plate tectonics says most earthquakes of this size happen. Because if this, this area was not completely prepared for an earthquake of such size, causing much of the devastation.

The earthquake occurred on a holiday in India, the 51st celebration of Republic Day. The epicenter of this quake was 23.6 North Latitude and 69.8 East Longitude, 20 kilometers northeast of Bhuj. The tremors were felt in major parts of the country, all the way to Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Surat. Although the official reading of this quake was 6.9 on the Richter scale, Western institutes report the magnitude up to 7.9.

The damage

The official figures said more than 20,000 dead and over 160,000 injured. Major casualties were in Bhuj, Ahmedabad, and Rajkot. The town of Bhuj was reduced to rubble and destroyed by the earthquake. Many high rise buildings in Ahmedabad were affected, causing much destruction. Nearly 120,000 houses and buildings were damaged. There were also casualties and damage in Pakistan, as its border with India is only about 100 km from the epicenter.